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An HHRA is a quantitative, analytic process to estimate the nature and risk of adverse human health effects associated with exposure to specific chemical contaminants or other hazards in the environment, now or in the future.
HHRAs tend to focus on biophysical risks from exposure to hazardous substances. Results from a HHRA can be used within an HIA to predict human health effects of specific exposures.
An HIA is a systematic process that uses an array of data sources and analytic methods and considers input from stakeholders to determine the potential effects of a proposed policy, plan, program, or project on the health of a population and whether the health effects are distributed evenly within the population. HIAs provide practical recommendations for how to minimize negative health effects and maximize beneficial health effects. An HIA is used to evaluate the public health consequences of proposed decisions in non-health sectors.
An HHRA and an HIA is typically included in an “Environmental Health Impact Assessment”.
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Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is the process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating the biophysical, social, and other relevant effects of proposed developments prior to major decisions being made. EIAs are currently a requirement in most countries. (*Source: CDC)
Pre-emptive circumstances warranting an EIA, part of which comprises an HIA.
Reactive circumstances warranting an EIA, part of which comprises an HIA.
It is evident from the above that HIA’s are often in highly charged circumstances, with high stakes. The levels of expertise engaged in performing the work and compiling the reports & recommendations must be of the highest levels.
Whilst HIAs can vary in depth & intensity, they generally have a broader scope of application. Every HIA requires an HHRA to be woven into it, providing key evidence to guide the final decisions.
The following graphic illustrates the key steps of an HIA and their outputs.
